Cyclosporin A (CSA) and tacrolimus (TAC) suppress T-cell activation and subsequent proliferation by inhibiting calcineurin. Though they have the same target, CSA and TAC have quite different molecular structures, indicating quantitative and/or qualitative differences in their effects.
Omalizumab is a safe and effective treatment for antihistamine-refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) but is insufficient in one-third of patients. For serious cases in which omalizumab is ineffective, cyclosporine or methotrexate may be preferred. Most drug trials in CSU have focused on omalizumab or cyclosporine monotherapy.
A fexofenadine/pseudoephedrine combination tablet (F/P) is an optimal product for nasal obstruction. It contains fexofenadine hydrochloride, a histamine H1-receptor antagonist for sneezing and rhinorrhea and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, an α-adrenergic agonist. The effect of an antihistamine-decongestant on nasal obstruction has been demonstrated in previous studies, but onset of action and efficacy data on nasal obstruction are limited.
Two main strategies to cope with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic—lockdown (social restriction) and non-lockdown (herd immunity plan)—have been implemented in several countries.
Sensitization to the house dust mite (HDM) plays important roles in the development of allergic rhinitis (AR). Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key initiator of the innate immune system upon exposure to environmental factors.
Natural killer (NK) cells have been implicated in the immune response against multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) regulate NK cell activity by recognizing specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I as ligands.
The Asthma Control Test (ACT) has been widely used for the assessment of asthma control. However, it has never been validated in adult Thai asthmatic patients.